Critically Analyse the Effectiveness of the Strategies Utilised in the Essay

Critically Analyse the Effectiveness of the Strategies Utilised in the US and UK to tackle the Purported Rise in Knife or Gun Crime - Essay Example Many have warned that storing of firearms in homes would increase the cause of violent deaths (Some facts about guns. 2007). Even though many laws were framed by the authorities in US to curtail the carrying and possession of fire arms, it did not decrease the death rate due to firearms. In 2008 the US Supreme Court made a historic decision that ratified the decision by the district to curtail the rights of citizens to carry firearms in the city. The supreme court opinioned that action by the district is a clear violation of denying individual rights and freedom for carrying firearms. Persons who advocated against ban of carrying firearms put forward statistics related to crime and deaths in the US. In 1993, there were over one million firearm related crimes in the country. In 2005, it declined to 500000 incidents. They also pointed that firearms are not the only reason for violent deaths in the US. However records of the FBI clearly suggest that many crimes including homicides are related to firearms (Tartar.A 2008). In UK increase in suicides was due to use of firearms at home. To prevent crimes related to possession of firearms, UK passed two firearms amendment acts of 1997. Due to the passing of the act, there was a decrease of possession of handguns in Britain. Many handguns were handed over to the police by the individuals (Some facts about guns. 2007). It is estimated that American citizens uses firearms for at least 764000 times in a year to defend themselves. In 1976, Washington DC enacted a virtual ban on handguns. During 1976 and 1991, Washington DC’s homicide rates grew 200 % and the US rate grew by only 12%.The US government has passed the right to carry laws which requires the law enforcement agencies to issue permits to handguns to all applicants who are qualified. Licenses are issued considering age, clean criminal record, completion of firearms safety course etc. In 1986, nine states in the US had right to carry laws. In

Service Delivery Essay Example for Free

Service Delivery Essay The goals of this paper are to research; diagram service delivery processes, and then describe how the process would be effective in the given situation. A research and define service delivery processes in different disciplines or areas to capture the best processes. A service culture will be defined and a description will be given as to why it is important. A description will also be given as to why service employees are critical to the success of delivery in any service organization. Using the writer on personal examples, the writer will discuss the general importance of customers in the successful creation and delivery of service experiences. Last, an internet search will be done to locate three services that the writer is interesting in exploring. The service will be described and outline the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing these services via e-commerce as opposed to the traditional market. The implications that purchasing online has for the service culture and customer experience will be given. Service Culture Organizations have different culture and service culture is one thing that has a major impact on customers and their decision. Service culture consists of many components with each impacting customers and helping to establish the success or failure of customer service proposals (Lucas, 2008). Organizations sometimes over-promise and under-deliver due to their cultural and internal systems and do not have the ability to support customer service proposals (Lucas, 2008). For example, assume that the management of an organization has their marketing department develop a slick piece of literature describing all the benefits of a new product or service provided by a new corporate partner organization† (Lucas, 2008, p. 1). A special 800 number is then launched for responses but the company is unsuccessful when it comes to hiring extra staff or sufficiently trained current employees to handle the customer calls. The venture is prone to be unsuccessful. A service culture allows the business to accomplish key business goals, solve vital problems and increase capabilities to aim at future prospects. Customers also have an important role in the success of a business. A business cannot be successful unless there are customers. Several work fields requires customer input for service creation such as or haircuts, annual exam, and full service restaurant. The clients input customize a standard service. The provision of the service requires the customer purchase. Customer input (information material) is necessary for an adequate outcome, but the service firm provides the service. Jobs where customer presence is required during service delivery are airline travel, motel stay, and fast-food restaurant. Customers play a variety of roles in the service experience. Some of those roles are productive resource, contributor to quality, satisfaction and value; and as competitor to the service organization. Customer as a productive resource for example, in contributing information and effort in the diagnoses of their ailments, patients of a healthcare organization are part of the service production process. If they provide accurate information in a timely fashion, physicians will be more efficient and accurate in their diagnoses. Thus, the quality of the information patients provide can ultimately affect the quality of the outcome. Furthermore, in most cases, if patients follow their physician’s advice, they will be less likely to return for follow-up treatment, further increasing the healthcare organization’s productivity. (Bitner, Faranda, Hubbert, Zeithaml, 1997, p. 3) E-Business In today’s economic marketplace, E-business has transformed the way that businesses functions. Businesses have the ability to grow and expand beyond their local market because of the technological advances of the past few decades. So that small businesses can increase their sales and profits, the Internet now allows small businesses to reach national or global consumers with their products and services. However, some disadvantages come along with these advantages such as creating higher levels of economic challenges not formerly seen. (Vitez, 2013) E-business has one big advantage, which is the low startup costs needed to begin business operations. Once small companies have increased their working capital after starting their company via the Internet they expand into traditional brick and mortar stores. Companies may choose to simply expand their Internet footprint rather than creating a physical storefront, depending on their business success. Businesses need a computer, website hosting service, and Internet connection as the main operating equipment, which makes internet storefront relatively cheap. (Vitez, 2013) E-business has two major disadvantages and they are the increased levels of competition and the difficulty of creating positive goodwill through a website and computer. Sellers must find a competitive advantage over more competitors than usual, because individuals and traditional businesses may enter the e-business marketplace. Customers generally place high value on customer service in the brick and mortar business environment. E-businesses generally have a hard time trying to creating the same type of positive customer service, bear in mind that their customers may be miles away from the e-business’s operations. Since impersonal email is a common form of communication in e-business customers may have a problem understanding mistakes or errors. (Vitez, 2013) Car insurance has begun mandatory in today society and getting the best price is necessary. There is something missing even though anyone can find and obtain car insurance quotes online or even find a life quote. When doing the quote online the person will be missing the personal and professional experience of someone behind the desk that is hope to be acting in his or her best interest. To completely remove the critical thinking part of it rather than relying on a possible expert in the field (if not an expert someone that does it daily) they depend on a website to ask certain questions. More coverage for less money maybe there are riders or slight tweaks on the policy that may be provided. Legal Service Legal service is needed in any businesses. Legal services can be obtain either online or the traditional method. There are pros and cons to online services as well as the traditional method. There are as follows: * No driving. Simply jump online and you are there * No waiting. Your services are all available for you once you register. Just find and click. * Licensed Attorney provided legal advice. You dont just purchase the legal product, you get the service to go with it. Superior service. Maybe you do have to get your own coffee, but you have the option of getting it whenever and wherever you want * Save money. Less overhead, and more focused legal services means you save money over a traditional law firm. * Your data and information are protected by bank grade encryption when you enter the protected and secure area. * Secure and private communications. Not even the secretary has any idea why you need the services. (Inlawcenter, 2013, p. 1) Conclusion A business involves many different things in order to make it successful. The service delivery process is different in every company but necessary for a company progress. This paper has defined service culture and described why it is important. A description of why service employees are critical to the success of delivery in any service organization was given. Examples of how customers play a role in the successful creation and delivery of service experiences. Final a search was done and three services where describe and the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing them online versus traditional was given.

The Fiscal Deficit Crisis in the United States :: Government Politics Political Bush Essays

The Fiscal Deficit Crisis in the United States Since the inauguration of George W. Bush as the president of the United States in January 2001, a series of issues and problems have appeared. President Bush created problems in education, finance, medicare, social security, as well as foreign affairs. In addition, he has turned a 500 billion dollar surplus into a 500 billion dollar deficit (â€Å"Historical Tables† 2004, 21-22). We must ask how he could do this. Were funds spent on improving education, social security, or healthcare? No, in fact these areas were under-funded. Rather the deficit is a result of over-spending on defense, homeland security, and tax cuts across the country. In the 20th century, there were 73 years with a deficit in the government budget. The problem has become a very serious issue since 1958, since which there was a deficit in the fiscal budget nearly every year (â€Å"Historical Tables†, 2004, 21-22). During the mid-1990's, when Bill Clinton was the president, the deficit was reduced and net surplus occurred in 1998 and 1999. After George W. Bush had taken office, the trend of having surplus in fiscal reports couldn't continue. During every year of his term, George Bush increased the United States debt significantly. One hundred-fifty-seven billion dollars was the deficit in 2002, while 521 billion dollars was the deficit in the fiscal year of 2004 (â€Å"Historical Tables†, 2004, 21-22). The American government's debt is increasing at $20,000 per second. A person with an average-income will lose his annual salary in a matter of few seconds due to the rapidly increasing debt (US Debt Clock). This is a very important issue to teenagers and college students, as they will soon have to carry the financial burden from the United States government. The underlying reason for the deficit in the budget is due to the mismanagement in the spending and taxing policies adopted by the President. The terrorist attack on September 11th, 2001, the crash of the stock market after that event, the war on Iraq, and the increased homeland security aggregated the problem of the budget deficit. If President George W. Bush is re-elected and continues to ignore this problem, the United States will continue to build up its huge debt. By 2009, the Gross Federal Debt will be over one thousand billion dollars, and that would transfer to every person living in the United States to have a debt of about $36000 (â€Å"Historical Tables†, 2004, 118-119).

H202 Decomposition

Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Reaction Kinetics Purpose: In this experiment, you will determine the rate law and activation energy for the iodide-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Overview: The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by iodide according to the following reaction: 2H2O2 (aq) [pic] 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) The speed of the reaction is determined from the reactants being consumed or from products that are being formed. This must be determined experimentally by measuring the rate of change in the concentration of one of the reactants or one of the products.The change of concentration can be measured by such physical properties such as the volume of a gas or color intensity of a solution. The rate may be expressed, for example, as moles per liter of product being formed per minute, milliliters of gas being produced per minute, or moles per liter of reactant being consumed per second. During this experiment, you will determine the rate of decomposition of hy drogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst, iodide. The goal in this experiment is to deduce a rate law for the reaction, showing the dependence of the rate on the concentrations of H2O2 and I-.Your rate law will be of the form: -[pic]= k[H2O2]x[I-]y k is the reaction rate constant and depends only on temperature. x is the reaction order with respect to the hydrogen peroxide concentration and y is the reaction order with respect to the iodide ion concentration. Your objective is to determine the numerical values for the exponents x and y and rate constant, k. You will also study the effect of temperature on the reaction. Materials: 0. 25M KI solution 3% H2O2 solution distilled water 125mL or 250mL Erlenmeyer flask 50mL gas collection tube ring stand test tube clamp one-hole rubber stopper eaker water bath 50mL graduate cylinder 5 and 10 mL pipets thermometer Procedure: 1. Fill one beaker about half full with water. Fill the gas collection tube with water and invert into this beak er. Clamp the gas collection tube to the ring stand. You will use this to measure the volume of gas generated in the reaction. 2. Place the Erlenmeyer flask into a water bath. Fill the waterbath two thirds full of water. Record the temperature of the water. Cap the Erlenmeyer flask with a one-hole rubber stopper. Insert a short piece of glass tubing into the one-hole rubber stopper.If necessary, cut a piece of glass tubing and fire polish the ends. Connect one end of the rubber tubing to the glass tubing and insert the other end into the gas collection tube. You are now ready to start the reaction. 3. Remove the rubber stopper from the 50 mL flask. Add 10 mL of the 0. 25 M KI solution and 15 mL of distilled water to the flask. 4. Add 5 mL of 3% H2O2 to the Erlenmeyer flask. Swirl to mix the solutions and immediately replace the rubber stopper. Begin taking oxygen volume readings immediately. 5. Record the time and oxygen volume (mL) every ten seconds for 240 econds or 30mL (whicheve r comes first). Swirl the flask during the reaction to prevent the solution becoming super saturated with oxygen. 6. Repeat the experiment, using a clean flask, with10mL of the 0. 25-M KI solution and 10mL of distilled water, then adding 10 mL of the 3% H2O2. 7. Repeat the experiment again, this time using 20mL of the 0. 25-M KI solution and 5mL of distilled water, then adding 5 mL of the 3% H2O2. 8. Replace the water in the water bath containing the Erlenmeyer flask, with water that is 10-20(C warmer than previously used.Repeat the experiment using 10mL of 0. 25M KI, 15mL of distilled water and 5mL of the 3% H2O2. 9. For each of the three trials, plot the volume of oxygen in milliliters versus the time in seconds. Fit the data with the best-fit curve or straight line for each trial, ignoring the first sixty seconds of data. (Do not draw a line that connects point to point. ) 10. Calculate the slope (mL/sec) of each line. The slope of each line gives the rate of oxygen production in mL/seconds. 11. Use the slopes and the details from each trial to determine the reaction orders for the I- and H2O2.Note that the KI and H2O2 volume are proportional to their concentrations in the reaction solution. | |Slope (mL/sec) |KI |H2O2 | |Trial 1 | |10mL |5mL | |Trial 2 | |10mL |10mL | |Trial 3 | |20mL |5mL | 2. Calculate the rate constant, k, for the equation: -[pic]= k[H2O2]x[I-]y Substitute values for [H2O2], [I-], x,y and -[pic]/[pic]into the equation and solve for k. Use the reaction orders determined above for x and y. Using data from one of the trials, calculate the molarity of the H2O2 and I- in the reaction solution and the hydrogen peroxide disappearance rate. Use these values to substitute into the above equation. You can determine the hydrogen peroxide disappearance rate from the rate of oxygen production.Convert the rate of oxygen production to moles per second using PV=nRT. Remember to reduce the pressure of the oxygen by the water vapor pressure. Use stoichio metry to convert moles of oxygen to moles of hydrogen peroxide. Use the solution volume to convert the moles per second to molarity per second. Calculate the rate constant, k, to two significant digits. Be sure to include units. 13. Examine your results to determine the effect that temperature had on the reaction rate. 14.Calculate k for the higher temperature, and, using both k values determine the activation energy for this reaction[1]. Questions: 1. How would your calculated reaction rate constants and calculated activation energy have been affected if the nominally 3% hydrogen peroxide had a concentration of only 2%? 2. How would your results have been affected if extra water had accidentally been added to the reaction mixture? 3. If you do not agitate the reaction solution, it can become supersaturated with oxygen. How would this affect your results? . If you had been able to directly determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the reaction solution, you would have been able to graph the concentration versus time. What would that graph look like? 5. If you had been able to directly determine the concentration of iodide in the reaction solution you would have been able to graph its concentration versus time. What would that graph look like? 6. What would you graph versus time to determine the reaction rate constant? How would you calculate k from the graph? dapted from a lab at Occidental College http://departments. oxy. edu/tops/Kinetics/kinetics. pdf ———————– [1] Activation energy, Ea, is related to the reaction rate constant, k, by the Arrhenius equation: k=Ae-Ea/RT. R is the ideal gas constant, 8. 314510 J/(K†¢mol). A is the frequency factor with units of L/mol†¢s, and is related to the fraction of collisions that have the correct geometry. The activation energy can be determined using reaction rate constants from two different temperatures using the Arrhenius Equation rearranged as: ln k2 – ln k1 = – [pic]

Beliefs and teachings of Christianity and Islam Essay

Introduction In this essay I will be exploring the beliefs and teachings about Jesus and Christianity. Also investigating Islam and Tawhid, this is the oneness of Allah and Judgement day. Then how these beliefs and teachings have reflected in believer’s attitudes towards life after death. Then finally I will put across my opinion and what others opinion to this may be on the following statement. † People who have a religious faith lead better lives than people who have no faith, because they see life differently â€Å" A) Explain the beliefs and teachings of Christianity and Islam. In Christianity: Jesus In Islam: Tawhid and Akirah Tawhid is the oneness of Allah. The one and only universal God of all humanity. The Tawhid reinforces Islam as a monotheistic faith. Allah cannot be described in certain terms, the Quran warns Muslims that they shouldn’t do this as there is only one God in Islam, † I am Allah there is no God but me† If a Muslim is not to believe this then they are not a true Muslim. This is called Anthropomorphism. Allah is far beyond human understanding. He is not abstract and Allah created everything. To suggest you own something is breaking Tawhid. Or to think that you are better than anyone or anything also breaks Tawhid and breaks the teaching from the Quran † We are all equal like the tooth of a comb† Akirah is Judgement by Allah, † He will gather you again on the day of judgement † (Quran) Judgement day happens when the world comes to an end and Allah judges every Muslim. When Muslim dies they go into a state of waiting this is called Barzakh. Life is a test, preparation for the afterlife, this is more important as it is for eternity. Paradise and hell is where Allah sends a Muslim after being judged. Throughout a Muslims life two angels, A good one and a bad one watches them. They record all actions that happen in every day life and these are read out at judgement day. A Muslim can go straight to heaven if they die in a Holy war, Fight in the name of Allah or if they were to die on the hajj. Jesus was the founder of Christianity, the Son of God and prophet messenger from God many people in his times referred to him as the Messiah, the anointed one, chosen to be king. He is part of the trinity, the human form of God. Jesus spread the message of God and Christianity. He taught people his knowledge and teachings of the religion. He showed how to forgive. Mary Magdalene, a prostitute fell to Jesus’ feet, He said whilst he was on the cross. † Father forgive them for they no not what they do.† He also taught his people not to judge others. † Do not judge and you will not be judged â€Å" Christians have a golden rule this should be used in everything that they do. † Love your Neighbour as Yourself â€Å" B) How these teachings and beliefs reflected in believers attitudes towards life after death. Christians believe in forgive and reform. Christians can correct their sins. Jesus showed the way to heaven, by following his teachings. Jesus showed life after death when he resurrected from the death. Jesus taught Christians for God to give you life after death, you have to prove your faith by actions and putting the teachings of Jesus into a Christians daily life. So Christians did this. Then they would be rewarded with heaven. Christians do not believe in the death penalty as they believe in forgiveness and reform to become a better person. When a Christian dies they are also judged but in a different way. If they have been good and are truly sorry for their sins they can go to heaven. If they commit a sin and are not truly sorry they will go to Hell. You cannot separate religion and politics in Islam, Muslim beliefs affect a Muslims life as Islam is complete way of life. Life is just preparation for the afterlife, Heaven or hell. Muslims are all expected to be equal. For example4, the rich must donate money to the poorer Ummah. You cannot separate life and religion. The main ways a Muslim submits to Allah is by following his teachings in the Quran and the 5 pillars. Akirah is a main influence of believers of Islam. As this is on a Muslims actions and everything they do as preparation for paradise does count on judgement day. Muslims take life after death very seriously. They follow strictly to Allah’s instructions found in the Quran. To give them a place in paradise. Remember life is only a test. If they pass a reward of Paradise (heaven). C) † People who have a religious faith lead better lives than people who have no faith, because they see life differently â€Å" How far do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you thought about more than one point of view. Refer to religious teachings I agree and disagree with this statement. I agree that people who have no faith see life differently to than those who have. But I disagree that people who have a religious faith lead better lives. I could say this statement isn’t true as a quote from the bible says, † We are all one In the lord Jesus Christ.† if we are all one why does that statement state that people that have a religious faith have a better life than those that don’t. Although I disagree with † People who have a religious faith lead better lives than people who have no Faith. â€Å" I can understand why this is said. In some cases some people prefer to always know what is going to happen. If they have a fixed faith such as Islam. They no what they have to do to achieve there goal of going to Paradise and therefore can prepare for this. If someone has no fixed faith and doesn’t follow any particular religion they are always unsure of what will happen in their future life and whether there is a future life. And how to respond to this. But I understand that others may prefer to have an undecided Future.

The Governments Control of Freedom essays

The Governments Control of Freedom essays People are always fighting against the government's control of freedom. What are they fighting for? Are they fighting for absolute freedom? What is absolute freedom? How much freedom do we have to sacrifice to keep our freedom protected? Is the freedom we One of the major reasons freedom is so desirable is because many of the limitations by the government on freedom are disallowing humans the right to have control over their bodies. Control of the human body is the only thing that people have power over. When the government can take away your choice to smoke, tell you when to wear a seatbelt, set laws to limit your right to do what you want to your body, or decide what constitutes a religion we should all be concerned! To preserve the Bill of Rights for ourselves, we must defend them for everybody. A large number of the prohibited freedoms are crimes where the criminal makes himself the victim. For example, the use of drugs, prostitution, suicide, vagrancy, possession of illegal substance, dodging the draft, entering the country illegally, and disregard for the age limits set on the purchase of pornographic materials. All of these crimes are punishable under the law. These crimes are set apart from most others because the person willingly chooses to victimize themselves. What people choose to do to themselves, in my opinion is the least of our worries as a country or a society. The last thing the government should have control over is what you choose to do to yourself. As long as you are not directly harming anyone else in the process, the government should not waste their time and money on something that is so trivial in comparison to crimes involving a victim. In general, people do not agree with the government controlling what they can and cannot do to ...

Free Essays on Carpe Diem

Carpe Diem Speech â€Å"Yesterday is our past – tomorrow is our future – but today is a gift†¦ that’s why it’s called the present.† It’s a gift! Right now, right this second, just look around – you have been given the gift of life today. But have you ever thought about the fact that you may not be so blessed tomorrow? Our future in this world is not guaranteed, therefore make the most out of today. There was a theme widely used in the 16th and 17th century that urged people to do just that: carpe diem. I would like to share with you this evening some facts on carpe diem, including its meaning, history, and some examples of applying the phrase. Carpe diem is from the Latin phrase â€Å"seize the day.† It is a descriptive term for literature that urges readers to live for the moment. Encyclopedia.com gave us this definition, but it has a much deeper meaning. It means that one should take advantage of opportunities with wisdom and care. It means that when you get the chance to do something crazy – do it! Ok – so think of the one thing you want in life. Now, make that into one word, just one word. At the same time lets all scream that one word that you dream of.. 1, 2, 3 ..! It’s understanding what we can do – the very best we can do. It’s being ruthless, being resourceful, and being happy. There are many ways we can personally define the phrase carpe diem, but where exactly did it come from? Love poetry from the 16th and 17th century started the phrase carpe diem. One professor from the University of Arkansas’s reviews carpe diem’s history on the school’s website. The phrase itself turns out to be from a poem by Horace, a great lyric poet who had studied in Rome and Athens. However, it is best exemplified by a familiar stanza from Robert Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time†: Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying; And this same flower that smiles today, ... Free Essays on Carpe Diem Free Essays on Carpe Diem Carpe Diem Speech â€Å"Yesterday is our past – tomorrow is our future – but today is a gift†¦ that’s why it’s called the present.† It’s a gift! Right now, right this second, just look around – you have been given the gift of life today. But have you ever thought about the fact that you may not be so blessed tomorrow? Our future in this world is not guaranteed, therefore make the most out of today. There was a theme widely used in the 16th and 17th century that urged people to do just that: carpe diem. I would like to share with you this evening some facts on carpe diem, including its meaning, history, and some examples of applying the phrase. Carpe diem is from the Latin phrase â€Å"seize the day.† It is a descriptive term for literature that urges readers to live for the moment. Encyclopedia.com gave us this definition, but it has a much deeper meaning. It means that one should take advantage of opportunities with wisdom and care. It means that when you get the chance to do something crazy – do it! Ok – so think of the one thing you want in life. Now, make that into one word, just one word. At the same time lets all scream that one word that you dream of.. 1, 2, 3 ..! It’s understanding what we can do – the very best we can do. It’s being ruthless, being resourceful, and being happy. There are many ways we can personally define the phrase carpe diem, but where exactly did it come from? Love poetry from the 16th and 17th century started the phrase carpe diem. One professor from the University of Arkansas’s reviews carpe diem’s history on the school’s website. The phrase itself turns out to be from a poem by Horace, a great lyric poet who had studied in Rome and Athens. However, it is best exemplified by a familiar stanza from Robert Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time†: Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, Old time is still a-flying; And this same flower that smiles today, ...

Making Spanish Nouns and Adjectives Plural

Making Spanish Nouns and Adjectives Plural If you know how to make nouns plural in English, youre close to knowing how to do so in Spanish. And once you know how to make Spanish nouns plural, you can simply follow the same rules for adjectives. Key Takeaways: Spanish Plurals The rules for making nouns plural in Spanish are similar to those of English, but Spanish has fewer exceptions.Nearly all nouns are made plural by adding s or es. The same rules are followed for adjectives.Sometimes it is necessary to add or delete an accent on the final vowel of a singular word when making it plural. The basic principle is the same: In Spanish, plurals end with the letter s, as is usually the case in English. Spanish plurals usually have an unaccented vowel preceding the s, as is often the case in English. The Basic Rule In fact, if you can remember that the Spanish plural is formed by making sure the plural word ends with s preceded by an unaccented vowel, usually e, youve taken care of nearly all of what youll have to learn. Most of whats left is learning the few exceptions as well as the spelling changes needed to make the written form of the language conform to what is spoken. The basic rule is this: If a word ends in anything other than an s preceded by an unstressed vowel, add either s or es to the end of the word so that it does. In some cases, a spelling change is needed to maintain the sound that would be needed to follow this rule. Heres how the rule is applied in various cases: Words Ending in an Unstressed Vowel When the word ends in a vowel without an accent, simply add the letter s. el libro, the book; los libros, the booksel gemelo, the twin; los gemelos, the twinsel pato, the duck; los patos, the ducks Nouns Ending in a Stressed Vowel A few nouns have a single syllable ending in a vowel or have multiple syllables and end in an accented vowel. In standard or formal writing, simply add the letters es. el tisà º, the tissue, los tisà ºes, the tissuesel hindà º, the Hindu, los hindà ºes, the Hindusel yo, the id; los yoes, the ids In everyday speech, however, it is common for such words to be made plural simply by adding s. Thus it would not be uncommon to hear someone talk about hindà ºs. Words Ending in a Consonant As is common in English, nouns ending in a consonant are made plural by adding es. el escultor; the sculptor; los escultores, the sculptorsla sociedad, the society; las sociedades, the societiesel azul, the blue one; los azules, the blue onesel mes, the month; los meses, the months Y is treated as a consonant for this rule: la ley, the law; las leyes, the laws. Words Ending in S Preceded by an Unstressed Vowel The plural form is the same as the singular form for nouns ending in an unstressed vowel followed by s. el lunes, Monday; los lunes, Mondaysel rompecabezas, the puzzle; los rompecabezas, the puzzlesla crisis, the crisis; las crisis, the crises The Exceptions Exceptions to the above rules are few. Here are the most common ones: Words Ending in É Words ending in a stressed e or à © simply need an s at the end: el cafà ©, the coffeehouse; los cafà ©s, the coffeehousesla fe, the faith; las fes, the faiths Foreign Words Some foreign words maintain the pluralization rules of the originating language. It is also very common to simply add an s to make plural words foreign regardless of what the originating language does. los jeans, the jeansel camping, the campground; los campings, campgroundsel curriculum vitae, the rà ©sumà ©; los curricula vitae, the rà ©sumà ©sel spam, a spam email or article; los spams, spam emails or articles Specific Exceptions A few words simply dont follow the rules. el pap, the father; los paps, the fathersla mam, the mother, las mams, the mothersel sof, the couch, los sofs, the couches Orthographic Changes Changes in either spelling or accents are needed sometimes due to the phonetic nature of the Spanish language. The rules above still apply - you just need to make sure a plural word is spelled the way it is pronounced, or that it is spelled according to Spanish convention. Here are the orthographic changes sometimes required: Nouns Ending in Z The z changes to c when followed by es: el pez, the fish; los peces, the fishes;el juez, the judge; los jueces, the judges Nouns Ending in an Accented vowel followed by S or N The written accent isnt needed in pluralizing a noun ending in a vowel followed by s or n. el interà ©s, the interest; los intereses, the interestsel francà ©s, the Frenchman, los franceses, the Frenchmenel avià ³n, the airplane; los aviones, the airplanes Nouns Ending in N in an Unstressed Syllable: But an accent is needed when a noun ending in an unstressed vowel and n is made plural: el examen, the exam; los exmenes, the examsel crimen, the crime; los crà ­menes, the crimes

Software risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software risk management - Essay Example Risk management is a part of the project development process, which ensures that the proposed project is free from risks. Introduction Software Risk Management is a process which is composed of activities like risk assessment, analysis, risk management plan and implementation. Risk management is referred to as a plan that involves a series of steps which assist an organization to mitigate with the possible risks. Risk management is generally carried out by a team of people who analyze every project and process in an organization. This ensures that an implemented project is free from risks. Risk management is not limited to projects alone; instead it can be used to check the level of risk in the projects that an organization develops. This helps the organization to select and develop projects that are less prone to risk. Risk Management Process Risk management process constitutes of several components that make up the entire strategy. Risk management process involves clearly defined s teps that allow the organization to identify and analyze each process’s objectives. (Padayachee, 2002). When the objective is analyzed, the probability of risk is minimized. Once the risks are identified, they are put into a log list which specifies each process based on their level of risk. This ensures that the process with higher level of risk is resolved in the beginning. The safety of the project is also guaranteed and the possibility of effective implementation is also guaranteed as the processes or components that pose a risk to the project are resolved well in advance. (McCanus, 2004). In a software environment, the possibility of risk is high and the chances of disaster are also high. A software project which involves several phases like requirement identification, analysis, design, development, testing and implementation, the possibility of risk is more. In each level, a new component might be used and this might turn out to be the greatest risk for the project. (Ga lorath, 2006). To avoid such problems, it is better to implement risk management module so that the developer can be sure of implementing a project that does not create any problems in the future. A software project is prone to risks like technical risks, financial risks, resource risks and management risks. In each stage of project development, a risk parameter is introduced to analyze the project. This will enable the organization to have a control over the project’s development. (Boehm, 1989). This is advantageous as the risks can be found immediately and resolved. Among all the other components of risk management process, risk identification, risk assessment and risk control. All these modules provide a detailed look at the risk management process. Risk Assessment Risk assessment is the first process in the risk management process. This in turn involves risk identification, analysis and risk evaluation. Risk identification is carried out by identifying the sources which p ose risk to the project. (Sommerville, 2009). The identified sources must be listed in order to make sure that they do not occur again. Then the risk of each source is analyzed and they are ordered based on the risk priority. Risk analysis is done based on certain assumptions or using methods like path analysis method. Assumption analysis is carried out by deriving assumptions and checking whether the process falls in the

Think like a historian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Think like a historian - Essay Example because of three main aspects; one, it enables the researcher to be able to dig deep into all information available about something and later determine whether it is believable or not. Secondly, it enables the research to come up with evidence that is supportive to achieve conclusions and information that is reliable. Finally, these two lead one to have a better understanding of an occurrence of history. The following essay will highlight three effective ways that define the thinking like a historian process that is sourcing, corroborating, and contextualization. In addition, it will categorize them as either compelling or problematic in their approach. The phrase â€Å"to think like a historian† literally means that a historian should have in their mind the reason for going after a piece of history. This means that one has to have the goal of understanding questions that are fundamental regarding human existence at the back of their minds. Boyle in her book states that, â€Å"history is structured around a specific time period or geographical areas† 1. This simplified implies that one has to understand the reasons for human behaviour during the period under focus. All these cannot be made possible by merely observing the event mentioned directly but requires hints and mediation of whatever remains from that contextual occurrence to succeed in thinking like one, which in the end will solve all the queries that one has regarding a historical problem2. The first step in involved in thinking like a historian is sourcing. Sourcing is the process of finding out more information about a historical occurrence, which requires the use of documents, sound recordings, films, or any object that is in any way linked to the subject in exploration. In short, sourcing will assist one in answering questions regarding the event’s participants, reasons for the event, the implications of the event, the time of its occurrence and just any relevant information there may be. Under

Math HW11 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math HW11 - Research Paper Example Management estimates that the average cost of replacing or repairing a defective unit is $20. The units sold and units defective that occurred during the last 2 months of 2008 are as follows. Joyce Kieffer's regular hourly wage rate is $15, and she receives a wage of 1 times the regular hourly rate for work in excess of 40 hours. During a March weekly pay period Joyce worked 42 hours. Her gross earnings prior to the current week were $6,000. Joyce is married and claims three withholding allowances. Her only voluntary deduction is for group hospitalization insurance at $25 per week. Compute the following amounts for Joyce's wages for the current week. (1) Gross earnings. (2) FICA taxes. (Assume an 8% rate on maximum of $90,000.) (3) Federal income taxes withheld. (Use the withholding table in the text, page 483.) (4) State income taxes withheld. (Assume a 2.0% rate.) (5) Net pay. (Round answers to 2 decimal places.) According to a payroll register summary of Ruiz Company, the amount of employees' gross pay in December was $850,000, of which $90,000 was not subject to FICA tax and $750,000 was not subject to state and federal unemployment taxes.

HSBC bank regulations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HSBC bank regulations - Assignment Example Regulation in the banking industry is referred to financial regulation, which means a regulatory framework for maintaining integrity of financial systems in different countries and regions (Samuels, et al., 2005). Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) is one of the leading banks on the global scene with its headquarters based in London, United Kingdom. The bank operates in over 87 countries across Europe, Hong Kong, the US, Australia and the Asia Pacific region (Samuels, et al., 2005). The bank offers a wide range of to its clients including corporate investment banking, personal banking services, commercial banking and markets private banking. The bank has experienced considerable growth in terms of share price and the bank is also the third largest banking corporation in terms of asset ownership. The main competitors of HSBC bank are Barclays bank and the Royal Bank of Scotland (Christopher and Robert, 2006). HSBC bank operates in about 87 countries representing different jurisdictions with different sets of legal structures and financial laws. The bank’s global structure is subject to regulation from the different regulatory organizations in each jurisdiction to operate (Christopher and Robert, 2006). Different sets of laws have had different impacts on the bank over the years and have helped to shape the current structure of the bank in terms of the services offered and its organizational structure. The regulation environment of the HSBC bank affects the banks human resource management strategy, business strategy and customer relationship strategy. The bank has had to conform to different regulations over the years due to changes in the political environment of different countries in which the bank operates (Samuels, et al., 2005). Following the global financial crisis of 2007, several banks including the HSBC bank were affected adversely and had

Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Culture - Essay Example This is evident in the fact that the staff called each other by their first names, and the doctors were called by their first names, except in the presence of patients. However there was a change in the organizational structure and this brought about a change in the culture in East Neasden Dietary department. After the organizational change in the dietary department, the culture in East Neasden dietary department was more of an organizational structure containing line managers with overall executive authority. This new organizational culture provided a mechanism for control and command of the organization's performance "which had previously been dissipated among the clinical, administrative, nursing, paramedical and support groups responsible for delivering healthcare services." (Marlow, Nigel) During the organizational changes in the East Neasden dietary department, the new management attempted to use Mcdonaldisation, which is a method of gearing an organization toward maximization. The setback of this method is that efficiency suffers, because workers would tend to be judged by how fast they work, and not by the quality of their work. The new management tried to achieve Calculability, Predictability and Control by eliminating emotion because it was felt that emotions cause inefficiency. The new leadership also wanted to be able to achieve Control and Predictability in the organization. Inner change and Depth Have the declared objectives of a system approach been met' Are there additional benefits' U should also have to consider the usefulness of a system approach as a tool for a practicing manager. In order for organizational change to become deeper institutional change, the inner dimension of the organization must be mapped. The outcome of this mapping is often novel strategies for transformation. This inner, deeper dimension, however, to successfully lead to long term measurable and observable outcomes must be linked to the litany of the organization (its official self-image), the system of the organization (what it does, how it rewards, its subsystems) its worldview (its culture and the ideologies of stakeholders), and finally its unconscious myths. Thus the deeper story, or myth, guiding metaphor needs to link to its more superficial dimensions. (Inayatullah, Sohail from http://www.metafuture.org/Articles/from_organizational_institutional_change2.htm) Control issues Control systems are designed to avoid misleading measurements, collect relevant information, and to distinguish between the levels of control in an organization. The rational technical model of strategic control suggests that if people are given enough information, they will be able to remedy the variance, based on trial and error. Political behavior "often develops before or during organizational change, when what is in the best interests of one group or subunit is perceived by another group to be counter to its best interests." (Klein 1976). It can therefore be said that ay major strategic change elicits overt political behavior and does require considerable political savvy by a strategist for it to become accepted by members of the organization undergoing change. References Klein (1976) Marlow, Nigel. East Neasden: Efficiency in a unit of

Materials&Manufacturing Report (( car body pressing )) Essay

Materials&Manufacturing Report (( car body pressing )) - Essay Example Dies is used for press blanking to the section and is specific depending on the necessity of the shape of the panel required or if there is justification in the volume of production. Blanks may be sufficient for some panels, trapezoidal, rectangular, or slightly curved shapes to be produced by line or shearing machines. The oscillating shear is a development for use since it is more flexible for the blank preparation with a stroke rate of more than 100 per minute. The blanking line includes; de-coiler, coil handling, flattener or leveller, blanking press, feeder, and stacker for blanks. The function of a corrective leveller is for the removal of; These blanks which are tailored welded for the complex panels are primed through diverse linking processes including; spot welding, laser welding, and mash-seam welding that result into better strength material that is cost effective. Pieces similar or different in gauges or materials are welded together into a single blank before the stamping process. Dense or thin or different strength groupings also result in the reduction of weight. These tailored blanks may reduce the stack tolerance and improve the dimensional accuracy of the vehicle. The inner assembly’s dimensional accuracy of a conventional door covers tolerance in the width of the steel, and the tolerances associated with piercing, stamping, and spot welding reinforcements. The improvement of accuracy is achieved by the minimization if the reinforcements. The dimensional variation of hole location in door panels have been reduced with laser welding of blanks from +/- 0.5 to +/-0.075 mm. Spot welding or seam welding may be used but for a tailored blank, the laser welding blanks are used since they provide three advantages including; However, there is a greater demand of strict control of the butt-joint pressure, the edge quality, and other parameters of laser welding that includes; welding speed, power, beam alignment,

Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Culture - Essay Example This is evident in the fact that the staff called each other by their first names, and the doctors were called by their first names, except in the presence of patients. However there was a change in the organizational structure and this brought about a change in the culture in East Neasden Dietary department. After the organizational change in the dietary department, the culture in East Neasden dietary department was more of an organizational structure containing line managers with overall executive authority. This new organizational culture provided a mechanism for control and command of the organization's performance "which had previously been dissipated among the clinical, administrative, nursing, paramedical and support groups responsible for delivering healthcare services." (Marlow, Nigel) During the organizational changes in the East Neasden dietary department, the new management attempted to use Mcdonaldisation, which is a method of gearing an organization toward maximization. The setback of this method is that efficiency suffers, because workers would tend to be judged by how fast they work, and not by the quality of their work. The new management tried to achieve Calculability, Predictability and Control by eliminating emotion because it was felt that emotions cause inefficiency. The new leadership also wanted to be able to achieve Control and Predictability in the organization. Inner change and Depth Have the declared objectives of a system approach been met' Are there additional benefits' U should also have to consider the usefulness of a system approach as a tool for a practicing manager. In order for organizational change to become deeper institutional change, the inner dimension of the organization must be mapped. The outcome of this mapping is often novel strategies for transformation. This inner, deeper dimension, however, to successfully lead to long term measurable and observable outcomes must be linked to the litany of the organization (its official self-image), the system of the organization (what it does, how it rewards, its subsystems) its worldview (its culture and the ideologies of stakeholders), and finally its unconscious myths. Thus the deeper story, or myth, guiding metaphor needs to link to its more superficial dimensions. (Inayatullah, Sohail from http://www.metafuture.org/Articles/from_organizational_institutional_change2.htm) Control issues Control systems are designed to avoid misleading measurements, collect relevant information, and to distinguish between the levels of control in an organization. The rational technical model of strategic control suggests that if people are given enough information, they will be able to remedy the variance, based on trial and error. Political behavior "often develops before or during organizational change, when what is in the best interests of one group or subunit is perceived by another group to be counter to its best interests." (Klein 1976). It can therefore be said that ay major strategic change elicits overt political behavior and does require considerable political savvy by a strategist for it to become accepted by members of the organization undergoing change. References Klein (1976) Marlow, Nigel. East Neasden: Efficiency in a unit of

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment Law - Essay Example Based on the reported facts, at the onset before Tanya was actually hired by your company, she already concealed a material information prior to her employment, which was her medical condition as she suffered from Trigeminal Neuralgia. Her present medical condition constrained her to report to daily to work if she is suffering an attack. Clearly, your company is already experiencing losses due to her absences. The constant conflict between Brian and Tanya must be resolved by the employer. Brian’s act of falsely accusing Tanya as â€Å"useless† and not being capable of carrying out her job already constitutes as a form of harassment (Isle of Wight Tourist Board v Coombes [1976] IRLR 413). As the boss of both Brian and Tanya, you are expected to resolve the friction between the two employees and to stop any form of harassment and to make sure to avoid it from happening again in the future. On the issue of incompetency of Tanya, it was recently discovered that she committe d major blunders in the company while she was still an employee because the banking records are inaccurate and what’s worse is that she even misappropriated a sum of money since the petty cash fund is short by a ?100, which was under her custody while she was still an employee. This is a gross misconduct on her part and considered as stealing money from the company. I. ANALYSIS Under the law, a constructive dismissal case will only prosper if it satisfies the requirements provided under the law. The Employee Rights Act of 1996 of Section 95(c) provides that the employee terminates the contract under which he is employed with or without notice in circumstances in which he is entitled to terminate it without notice by reason of the employer’s conduct (Employee Rights Act: 1996). In these circumstances, the employer’s behaviour constitutes a repudiation of the contract and the employee accepts the repudiation by resigning (Lewis 2009, p.210). In the case at bar, Ta nya informed the employer that she is no longer reporting to work because of the verbal conduct of Brian against her. Here, it is not the employer’s conduct or behaviour which forced Tanya to resign, but was caused by Brian’s verbal abuse on her. In all fairness to you as the employer, you made reasonable efforts to prevent the harassment from happening again by telling Brian to stop the verbal abuse on Tanya. However, Brian was still not able to resist throwing invectives against Tanya in the workplace. The day after her last fight with Brian, she immediately filed the case without going through mediation. On the other hand, under the Protection from Harassment Act of 1997, a person must not pursue a conduct (a) which amounts to harassment of another and; (b) which he knows or ought to know amounts to harassment of another (Protection from Harassment Act: 1997). Clearly, Brian is guilty of verbally abusing Tanya every time he accuses her of incompetence in from of peo ple in the office (Cortaulds v Andrew [1979] IRLR 85 ). Thus, this instance will fall as harassment on the part of Brian. As a general rule, the employer is liable for the acts of its employees under the principle of vicarious liability. However, the employer can avoid liability for discriminatory harassment if they can prove that they took such steps that were reasonably practical to prevent harassment from occurring. Furthermore, individual employees may also be liable, for

Nursing Theory and Research Essay Example for Free

Nursing Theory and Research Essay What is nursing (caring) according to Fawcett (1984)? Nursing is defined by American Association (1980) as the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems (cited in Fawcett, 1984, pg. 84). Diagnosis, according to the nursing process is when the nurses identify the actual problems and find out how to treat them in order to prevent any potential problems. According to Walker, 1971) nursing is establishing limits or boundaries in terms of the person  providing care; person with health problems receiving care; the environment in which care is given and an end-state, well-being (cited in Fawcett, 1984). This is related to what I mentioned before that the four concepts are interrelated; they cannot work on their own. The connections among the four metaparadigm concepts were clearly identified by Donalson and Cowley (1978) which states that nursing studies the wholeness or health of humans, recognizing that humans are in continuous interaction with their environments (cited in Rolfe, 1996, pg.6). This statement may be considered the major proposition of nursings metaparadigm. B: Christensens (1990) Partnership Model: Christensens (1990) Partnership Model identify the concept of a partnership as a basis for involvement between a nurse and a patient. This concept provides a sound humanistic foundation for nursing practice. From the patient view point, a partnership of equality and respect provides security. From nurses, patients are vulnerable or faced a situation, which requires care from health services. The experience of partnership empowers and enables people when they are patients, and we believe that security proved by the nursing partnership is a basic human right for a patient. For a partnership to exist and work effectively, there must be a willingness from all partners to collaborate as equals, and then to jointly make decisions and endeavour to solve problems. Christensen (1990) described partnership is initiated when the patient is admitted to hospital and ceases when they go home. It is a continuous process, which offered ways of looking at what happened when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience. The learned expertise is known as nursing (caring). What is nursing (caring) according to Christensen (1990)? Although many nurses scholars described nursing according to their own research, Christensen (1990) defined nursing when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience (pg.  47). Also, New Zealand Nurses Association (1990) defined nursing is a specialised expression of caring, concerned primary with enhancing the ability of individuals and groups to achieve their health potential within the realities of their life situations (pg. 7). So, nursing is the actions or treatment to help the patient promote health not only part of his body, but nursing is looking at the person holistically. As discuss by Christensen (1990), the major work of nurse-patient partnership is commences at the time of admission to hospital and continues until the patient goes home, as mentioned before. We could see that the work of the nurse is dynamic and sensitive as nursing strategies are selectively used to ease the pathway of each patient through an individual passage. The passage, according to Christensen (1990) is a social process, which can be used to describe an experience of a significant change in a persons circumstances (pg.26). It is characterised by the giving and receiving of nursing in order for the patient to make optimal progress through a health related experience. So, nursing is attending. According to Christensen (1990) attending takes place during the time of contact between the nurse and patient and also accompanies the patient through hospitalisation. Attending is the essence of partnership because it shows that nursing is caring and concerning about the change in patients life. Therefore, Christensens model of nursing partnership involved two or more people in a shared venture. It requires the nurse to view nursing as a collaborative between the nurse and the client. It initiated when the patient is admitted to hospital until they go home. It is a continuum process, which offered ways of looking at what happened when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience. According to Peplau define nursing is how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease(Cited in Nightingale, 1992, pg. 48), which means what can and should nurses do to promote health, prevent illness and recovery from disease. As I mentioned above in Christensens model,  nurses work alongside with the patient but using nursing strategies to ease the path of the person by listening to them and taking heed of what they are saying. Moreover, is to comforting them in order to aid recovery from diseases they present. Harmer Henderson (1995, cited in Rolfe, 1996) point out that the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death). In Christensens partnership model is very similar to this idea as to assist the patient and supporting during this journey of sickness or seeking help with things that they are unable to do for themselves. That is the goal of nursing is to use their knowledge to find the most efficient and effective ways of carrying out nursing procedures to help their partner in nursing care, as the patient. Moreover, according to attend, being their for the patient and spending time with him in order to understand their needs. Also, ministering which Christensen defines as a selective application of nursing knowledge and skills to meet the identified needs of the patient. Within that knowledge, nurses have a systematic body of knowledge that underpins practice, which means, they know what to do, how to do it and why they are doing it. For example, an eighteen months old baby was brought from theatre whom he had a Gastrostomy. I took observations on him for half hourly for two hours and hourly after that. Why do I have to do that, because to identify any signs and symptoms of haemorrhage which is potential for shock. That is the basic knowledge that I have taught so far that this baby has a tendency of bleeding. It was very important for me for these observations. According to Christensen (1990) that the work of the nurse is dynamic and sensitive as nursing responds to the immediacy of the patients situation. During this time the nurse and the patient negotiate their partnership by looking at the work of the nurse and the work of the patient in order to cushion the impact on the patient of the disturbances associated with hospitalisation. Moreover, according to Christensen (1990) the passage is a social process  which can be used to describe an experience of a significant change in a persons circumstances (p.26). It is characterised by giving and receiving of nursing in order for the patient to make an optimal progress for a better health. In reality it may or may not lead to a beneficial passage. But, the work of the nurse begins as soon as the patient admitted to hospital. It is known as the beginning phase, which is to assist the client to attain the means, opportunities and the ability to act within the present circumstances, though the nurse-client partnership exists for all nursing goals and the expected outcomes may not always turn out as desired. The beginning is marked by the patient experiencing a health-related problem. The phase begins with awareness that something is wrong which requires an admission to hospital it may be days or weeks or whenever the patient takes responsible for his own self-management. This period precedes entry into the partnership, at the same time the patient prepares for the upcoming experience, whereas the nurse serves to make patient complete, whole being of a person or independent. And I believed this includes identifying the problems of the whole being of the person, that is, culturally, psychosocially and mentally. This relationship includes respect and acceptance of where the person is and the nurses openness to another persons reality. Caring relationships occur with individuals and family and their significant others. According to Levine (1973) described nursing as a human interaction. It is a discipline rooted in the organic dependency of the individual human being on his relationships with other human beings (Cited in Fawcett, 1984, pg 122). She further describe nursing as a subculture, possessing ideas and values which are unique to nurses, even though they mirror the social template which created them (ibid, pg, 123). This is true with nursing is caring for another human being which have their own culture, ideas and values which recognise themselves from whom they come from. When we compare with Christensens model (1990), interpreting is the attempt made by the nurse to attach meaning to the status of the patient and the situation (pg. 42). Including observing, monitoring, analysing,  translating, conceptualising, synthesising and decision-making. When assessing the patient and collecting data, nurses should recognise the social issues and cultural needs of the patient in order to provide treatment that are suitable for them. Moreover, as Christensen stated that the intentional presence of the nurse is essential for coming to know and understand what it means to be human and humans in relationship or partnership. This knowledge provides the basis for the mutual selection of interventions that can promote health and self-determination. That is the essence of partnership is engaging the person in the process of their journey from the time they face the problem and come in to hospital until they go home. Partnership includes intimacy, trust, and authenticity. Furthermore, commitment, responsibility and accountability, which are the nature of nursing which Christensen identifies. Not only that, caring takes place within the context of a therapeutic relationship and is considered a moral vital of nursing. According to Hendersons definition of nursing I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will and knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible. Nurse serves to make patient complete, whole or independent (Cited in USA Nursing Knowledge Consensus Conference, 1998) Conclusion: Although I found very difficult to understand Fawcetts description of the metaparadigm but at the end I found this very interesting to know that metaparadigm is like a framework that help me in my practice. Nursing has a unique responsibility to promote, protect and restore the clients holistic health. REFERENCES: Christensen, J. (1990) The Ethics of Care: Towards Partnership in Nursing, Lincoln University Press with Daphne Brasell Associates Ltd, London. Fawcett, J, (1984) The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements. Images: The journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. XVI, No. 3, pg. 84 7. Fawcett, J, (1984) Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing, F. A Davis Company, Philadelphia. USA Nursing Knowledge Consensus Conference, 1998, Consensus Statement on Emerging Nursing Knowledge, A value-Based Position Paper Linking Nursing knowledge and Practice Outcomes, Boston, Massachusetts

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology Introduction The aim of this literature review is to expand the boundaries of our knowledge by exploring some relevant literature related to the role of nano-particle in cancer treatment and toxicology. In this paper, the author will discuss the importance of nanocrystals in treating and managing cancers. For this, the author will refer to three different scholarly articles. Heidel Davis, (2011) accentuated that the treatment of cancer is complicated by the exact nature of the cancer cells, the tissue they originate from, and the tissue or tissues they hibernate and colonize in [1]. Many cancers, such as those affecting the colon or liver, remain tucked away in the darker recesses of the body, where they are challenging to detect and even more challenging to treat. Other cancers, such as melanoma or retinoblastoma, are at or near the surface of the body, and thus are more accessible to observation and treatment. All cancer therapies try to target characteristics that are peculiar to cancer cells so as not to damage normal cells. This could be a mutated protein, a peculiar behaviour pattern, such as an increased rate of cell division, or an elevated demand for oxygen to support high metabolic activity by the cancer cells [2]. Discussion Analysis Over 8,767 Australians were expected to die of cancer in 2020 [3]. Over 12 million new cases worldwide were diagnosed in 2007. Sixty percent of cancer cases occur in developing countries. Cancer is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, cancer is the number one cause of death in China. According to Phan et al., (2009), chemically attached nanocrystals to a viral envelope allowed the scientists to eradicate cancer cells using laser radiation [4]. Binding nanoparticles to an antibody specific for cancer cells can make easier the detection of advanced stage cancer cells. According to Colin, (2008), the ability to quantitatively and noninvasively detect targeted nanoparticles in vivo could provide a promising cancer diagnostic tool. Using nanoparticle to heat up tumors is a main focus in therapeutic oncology applications of nanoscale sciences and technologies [5]. Nanosized Cancer drug Nanocrystal helps in the advancement of creative chemotherapeutic medications particularly in the territory of harmful deteriorating treatment or solution for neurological issue or cancerous growth. It delivers nanosized medications that are just marginally bigger in size than proteins and are subsequently little to such a degree as to move crosswise over ion-control channels(e.g., the blood–brain barriers), scattered all through the entire body including entering the focal sensory system, the vasculature and enter cells specifically [6]. Nanosized pharmaceuticals, due to their greater surface territory and organic undertaking likewise allow lower centralizations of pharmaceuticals to be utilized; accordingly diminish the potential danger of unfavorable responses [7]. The propelled outside area of nanosized pharmaceuticals might likewise help to upgrade dissolvability and support rate of disintegration, in this manner increase oral bioavailability and allow all the more quick onset of remedial activity [8]. A showing of this future is the adaptation of naproxen that have been used to support the expand time in the blood of the patients to empower a great deal more quick issue and help than the acknowledged presentation of naproxen for their cancer treatment [9]. Nano consignment schemes for therapeutics and toxicology Numerous advances have been created to utilize nanoparticles as a part of the treatment regimen of biomedical imaging, toxicological analysis and pharmaceutical conveyance. Applications for these plans will supply materials for controlled medication committal by directing bearers to a particular area with attractive fields or fluorescence biological markers. The transporter will then be initiated on interest in a limited area. The anticipated and extended length of activity in this way help to abatement hindrance of basic redosing, advance patient consistence and keep away from the side effects that so regularly result from intense medications [10]. Use of Nanocrystal in Oncology The interstitial heating using nanoparticles was feasible in patients with cancer with local recurrence and had been previously irradiated. The treatment related toxicity was moderate and the quality of life affected only temporarily. The limiting factors of this technique at present are discomfort caused by high magnetic field strengths and suboptimal intratumoral distribution. Moreover, deposits in the prostates nanoparticles are very durable. At present there is no magnetic imaging and chemotherapy available or neither for direct injection of fluid under visual control real-time nor for a reliable picture of the tumor within the cancer cells. Therefore, the selective ablation of cancer separating normal tissue is not possible at this time, but may become an interesting future with improved diagnostic techniques image subject. Until our heating method is more refined and can be safely applied forces higher photo thermal therapy to achieve higher performance alone, this treatment modality is being evaluated in combination with radiation in patients with localized cancer. Quantum spots, one of the most well revised, are nanocrystals that fluoresce in distinct hues depending on their dimensions (e.g., Cadmium selenide) [11;12]. In the event that the target molecule is an early marker of cancerous detection, discovery of that molecule may show a higher inclination for illness. An illustration is to utilize nanoparticles to join to blood clumps and to help make clusters more clear by ultrasound [13]. Nanoshells, an alternate nanodelivery plan that is made out of copolymers, are used in mix with precise wavelengths of lights and hotness mastery for harmful ailment treatment. These nanodevices can be tuned precisely to drench up or scramble infrared beams. At the point when encased in with gold, they can adjust these types of light into high temperature and either issues the pharmaceutical into the encompassing tissue or specifically blazed/murder tumor units that is tie to these nanoshells [14]. Likewise, attractive fields could be used to center pharmaceutical particles at the tumor area and balancing the territories would discharge the pharmaceutical from the external layer to strike tumor units. Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Cancer Diagnosis Infusion of genetic characteristics into nanocapsules is being tried out. One of the quality being enquired is the tumor necrosis factor, a protein that is fatal to cancer cells as well as besides to wholesome units when infused in substantial measurements [15]. To sidestep impedance to ordinary tissue, the nanocapsule is covered with sensors that objective just on tumor cells. A persevering would then be uncovered to low-dose radiation or medications that launch the quality to make putrefaction part. Other nanodrug bearers, for example, quality firearm with gold particles, fullerenes (made completely out of carbon, as an empty circle (C60 Bucky balls or chamber (nanotubes) and dendrimers (round polymeric molecules) are likewise being inspected. An alternate mean of pharmaceutical conveyance is to settle pharmaceutical with nanoparticles, for instance albumin proteins. It uses the natural carrier albumin rather than synthetic solvents to consign paclitaxel and furthermore for protected management of high paclitaxel doses without premedication, producing in important antitumour undertaking in patients with metastatic breast cancerous disease. Nanodelivery schemes for gene therapy Nanomedical research could outcome in an array of new medical apparatuss. Interesting study projects include use of nano-electromechanical apparatus or nanowire field-effect transistor to detect insect baculovirus and lone influenza viruses respectively were undertook. It is wanted that development of these nanodevices can help doctor to find the difficulty areas in the body more precisely (Lam et al., 2004, p. 5). Other study works engage the use of biochips and microfluidic devices to computer display tissues for genetic dissimilarities and to design genetically target drugs. Cell/Tissue technology and the nanorobot Artificial nanoscale building blocks may one day be utilised to help repair, sustain, or replacement of the body’s tissue and body parts. Uvocalise nanotechnology, researcher may be adept to make better artificial veins, arteries and heart valves; evolve a scaffold for growing patches of heart tissue to repair impairment from heart attacks; and grow artificial lung tissue. The use of simple carbon single-wall nanotube sheets to develop artificial muscle is in the soonest stages [16]. One of the more significant matters is that the foreign components might be strike by the body’s immune units, therefore means of reducing the risk of immune answer continues the major dispute for nanotechnology research in the area of tissue technology. Some researchers are attempting to assemble convoluted nanorobots that can journey throughout the human body utilising molecular engines and computers, shop and transport substances, perform procedures and communicate with physicians. Respirocytes, a spherical carbon nanorobot, is an demonstration that mimic the activity of the natural hemoglobin-filled red blood cells and is being revised [17]. However, despite the stride at which study is progressing and the exhilaration generated by the outlook of nanorobots, it could be numerous years before nanorobots are checked in humans. Conclusion Cancer is a worldwide problem. Nanocrystal plays an increasing role in battling cancer worldwide and in achieving the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer by 2015. Moreover, the use of multifactorial Nanocrystal in detecting and diagnosing carcinomas and sarcomas at earlier stages can be beneficial but needs further studies and investigation before implementing it in clinical practice. The general is for government to assume a main part, at the same time with the educated community and business relationship, in adding to the empowering foundation for perceiving and considering nanomaterial potential dangers, including (1) ID of delegate or structure nanomaterial, in connection to the structure, measurements, property and undertaking; (2) creating poisonous quality testing convention, covering inward breath, dermal, ingestion, and infusion presentation courses, for ID of full gimmick of the nanomaterial in connection to material property, the proposed use by the conceiv ably inclined, helpless patient and a definitive clinical applications; (3) strengthening the building methodologies under Good developing perform (GMP) for nanomedicine in particularly in the zone of creation, pontoons, taking care of and stockpiling to twofold watch that relentlessness and nature of the last stock is supported; (4) recognizing and administering the introduction level in working environment, air/waterborne discharges, people and different life forms and ecological media; and (5) surveying the impact of nanocyrstal items on the indigenous habitat as a proactive danger administration. Early theoretical and experimental studies of the biocompatibility of nanomaterials and sophisticated nanodevices have begun. References 1. Heidel, J. D., Davis, M. E. (2011). Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy.Pharmaceutical research,28(2), 187-199. 2. Misra, R., Acharya, S., Sahoo, S. K. (2010). Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy.Drug Discovery Today,15(19), 842-850. 3. Staples, M. P., Elwood, M., Burton, R. C., Williams, J. L., Marks, R., Giles, G. G. (2006). Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985.Med J Aust,184(1), 6-10. 4. Phan, J. H., Moffitt, R. A., Stokes, T. H., Liu, J., Young, A. N., Nie, S., Wang, M. D. (2009). Convergence of biomarkers, bioinformatics and nanotechnology for individualized cancer treatment.Trends in biotechnology,27(6), 350-358. 5. Colin D. Medley, Joshua E. Smith, Zhiwen Tang, Yanrong Wu, Suwussa Bamrungsap, and Weihong Tan* (2008), Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Assay for the Direct Detection of Cancerous Cells, Anal. Chem, 80, pp. 1067-1072 6. Chen et al., 2006 Z. Chen, H. Meng, G. Xing, C. Chen, Y. hao, G. Jia, T. Wang, H. Yuan, C. Ye, F. Zhao, Z. Chai, C. Zhu, X. Fang, B. Ma and L. Wan, Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo, Toxicol. Lett. 163 (2006), pp. 109–120. 7. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323. 8. Alexis, F., Rhee, J. W., Richie, J. P., Radovic-Moreno, A. F., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C. (2008). New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. InUrologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations(Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 74-85). Elsevier. 9. Aliosmanoglu, A., Basaran, I. (2012). Nanotechnology in cancer treatment.J Nanomedicine Biotherapeutic Discov,2, 107. 10. Donaldson et al., 2004 K. Donaldson, V. Stone, C.L. Tran, W. Kreyling and P.J.A. Borm, Nanotoxicology, Occup. Environ. Med. 61 (2004), pp. 727–728. Full Text via CrossRef (144) 11. Ferrari, M. (2005). Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges.Nature Reviews Cancer,5(3), 161-171. 12. Barlow et al., 2005 P.G. Barlow, K. Donaldson, J. Maccallum, A. Clouter and V. Stone, Serum exposed to nanoparticle carbon black displays increased potential to induce macrophage migration, Toxicol. Lett. 155 (2005), pp. 397–401. 13. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 14. Bulte, J.W, (2009), Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging: Emerging Technologies and Applications. New York, Springer, pp. 2. 15. Wang, X., Yang, L., Chen, Z. G., Shin, D. M. (2008). Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,58(2), 97-110. 16. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 17. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323.

Exercise Prescription :: Exercise Physiology

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date of Birth: 09/01/77   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sex: Female   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Height: 61†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weight: 113 lbs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resting Heart Rate: 58 bpm  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health problems or injuries: Previous lower back injuries  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medications that may influence heart rate: None  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk of cardiovascular or orthopedic injury: None  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual preferences for exercise: Jogging, swimming, hiking, mountain biking, resistance ball, free weights, yoga  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual dislikes for exercise:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stationary bike, treadmill, some weight machines  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual program objectives and goals: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maintain health 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase core strength 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase lean body mass 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease body fat percentage 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 months to train for triathlon: Need to increase speed and endurance in running, biking, and swimming  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opportunities Live close-by gym with pool, weights, and aerobics classes Live close by running and biking trail Gym available at both jobs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barriers Varied work schedule Sometimes need partner or personal trainer for motivation  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expected Results â€Å"After 5 months of training I expect to be moderately stronger and more efficient in all areas of activity as well as see a reduction in body fat and an increase in lean body mass.† Cardiovascular/Respiratory Training Schedule Warm-up: Before Running: Do 5 minutes of light walking. Before Bicycling: Do 1 set of 10-15 of stationary lunges without weights and do leg stretches (including quadriceps, hamstrings, calves and glutes). Before Swimming: Do full-body stretching with 5 minutes freestyle swimming. Cool Down: After Running: Do 5 minutes of light walking and stretch all leg muscles. After Bicycling: Do 5 minutes of light cycling and stretch all leg muscles. After Swimming: Do 5 minutes of easy freestyle swimming and do full-body stretches for flexibility. Running Exercise #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type R1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light run R2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intervals – alternating 1 min. light run w/ 1 min. moderate run R3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate Run Bicycling Exercise #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type B1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light cycling B2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intervals – alternating 1 min. light cycling w/ 1 min. moderate cycling B3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate cycling Swimming Exercise #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type S1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast stroke, butterfly, back stroke, freestyle S2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast stroke, butterfly, back stroke, freestyle S3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast stroke, butterfly, back stroke, freestyle L1: 30-45 minutes of any exercise above at intervals (1 min. light/1 min. moderate). If swimming, do 1 lap light/1 lap moderate intervals. Week #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mon.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tues.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thurs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fri.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sat.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sun. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *R1, B1, S1, R2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *R3, S2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *B2, S3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *L1, B3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  --- *Note: Each exercise does not have to be done simultaneously. Because of varied work schedule and other activities, spread exercises according to amount of free time. Core Strength Training Warm-up: Do 5 a minute walk or do 5 minutes of the movements of the following exercises without the weight and so light full-body stretches.

Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment: Character Analysis Essay

Despite how easy it may be to misconstrue Dr. Heidegger’s intentions for evil, he truly is a kind hearted man with a passion that drives his dedication for the work he does. Dr. Heidegger wants nothing more than to analyze his friends for the sake of experiment. There is no hostility or alterior motive. Before they begin, he states, â€Å"With your permission, therefore, I will merely watch the progress of the experiment.† There is not a clearer way to articulate the intentions he has to observe the effects of the elixir. Dr. Heidegger even gives a fair warning to his friends that they would benefit from this experiment if they went into it with a set of guidelines in order to prevent the repetition of tragedy. Colenal Killigrew, Mr. Gascoin, and Widow Wycherly all see this as an experience while Dr. Heidegger’s excitement lies in the fact that he created a completely original experiment and has the honor to execute it using people he is close to. It is true that from this process Dr. Heidegger learned a very valuable lesson, however, his friends were more than just guinea pigs to him. In his eyes, a lesson cannot be learned without proper steps. This logic should not be confused with the idea that he wants any harm or misery plaved on his subjects. In the mind of a great man of science like Dr. Heidegger there is no hidden purpose to his actions, there is simply a plan, an observation, an analysis, and a conclusion. His morals are unsoiled, there is not much more a scientist needs than a successful experiment.

Pentecostal History Essay

The largest and the most important religious movement to originate from the United States is the Pentecostal Movement. It is considered as the fourth force in Christendom alongside Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox, and its exponential growth rate in terms of adherents is testimony to its appeal. The Charismatic Renewal Movement has some of its roots in historic Pentecostalism, and it is now deeply entrenched in most of the mainline Protestant denominations, in Catholicism, and in some Orthodox. In the 21st Century, the total adherents of Pentecostals and Charismatics probably exceed the combined numbers of Protestants and Orthodox. Pentecostal statistics show a total adherent base of 400 million in 1993,including the 200 million members designated as nominational Pentecostals and 200 million Charismatics in the main Protestant denominations and Catholicism. â€Å"When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place. And suddenly a sound came from heaven like the rush of a mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And there appeared to them tongues as of fire, distributed and resting on each one of them†(Garnett 1987) The Acts of the Apostles, 2:1-3 (Cox 1995) Background History Adherents of Pentecostalism take their name from an incident recounted in Chapter two of the Acts of the Apostles. The story describes how the confused followers of a recently crucified Rabbi whom they all believed to be the messiah of the world, had gathered to mark the fiftieth day after Passover. Suddenly there was a heavenly sound â€Å"like the rush of a mighty wind. † The Holy Spirit filled them, tongues â€Å"as of fire† crowned their heads, and surprisingly they could understand each other’s language although the gathering comprised people from many different countries and different linguistic affinities. Apparently, the ancient curse of Babel had been reversed and that God was creating a new inclusive human community in which â€Å"Parthians and Medes and Elamites and residents of Mesopotamia† could all live together. Origins of the Pentecostal Faith The first Pentecost appeared on the scene in 1901 in Topeka, Kansas in a Bible school conducted by Charles Fox Parham, a holiness teacher and former Methodist pastor. There exists considerable controversy about the origins and timings of Parham’s emphasis on glossolalia; there is general agreement amongst historians that the movement was initiated in the first days of 1901, in the beginning of the Twentieth Century. One of Parham’s Bible School students Agnes Ozman , was the first person to be baptized in the Holy Spirit and she thereafter began speaking in different tongues on the very first day of the new century on January 1, 1901. According to J. Roswell Flower, the founding Secretary of the Assemblies of God, Ozman’s experience was the â€Å"touch felt round the world,† an event which â€Å"made the Pentecostal Movement of the Twentieth Century. Due to the Topeka Pentecost, Parham postulated the doctrine that tongues (glossolalia) was the biblical evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit and that it a was a supernatural ability endowed for the purpose of world evangelization. Glossolalia is an experiential phenomenon of an ecstatic, altered state of consciousness, in which â€Å"orgiastic techniques are cultivated to achieve ecstasy in the belief that unusual psychological and physical states are synonymous† with Spirit-possession. He added that since missionaries had the ability to speak in any language, they need not learn any new language for the purpose of evangelical preaching. Armed with this new theology, Parham founded a church movement which he called the â€Å"Apostolic Faith† and began a whirlwind revival tour of the American Middle West to promote his exciting new experience. â€Å"saw an angel coming down from heaven With the key to the abyss and a great Chain in his hand. He seized the dragon and chained him up for a thousand years So that he might not seduce the nations until the thousand years were over†. Revelation 20:1-3 â€Å"Fed by broken packing cases and discarded wrapping paper the fire quickly spread from the boarded-up Casino to the empty Music Hall. From there sparks flew through the arctic night to the roofs of the exposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Cox 1995). Prophecy of the Pentecost Traditionally, Americans have always had a strong dose of millenium drilled in to them, covering the time the puritans landed in New England to the revival preachers who traveled the Midwest on horseback, they were continually being told that the last stages of history was unfolding and that America would play a major role in the grand finale. Going in to the 20th century, prophecies and speculations regarding a new Pentecost and a New Jerusalem were rife. And in the last days it shall be, God declares, That I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh† Acts of the Apostles 2:17-19 â€Å"The fire from heaven descended on April 9, 1906, on a small band of black domestic servants and custodial employees gathered for prayer in a wooden bungalow at 214 North Bonnie Brae Avenue in Los Angeles, California†¦. †(Cox 1995) Pastor at Azusa Street Seymour who had learned the tongues-attested baptism in a Bible school that Parham conducted in Houston, Texas in 1905 was invited to pastor a black holiness church in Los Angeles in 1906. Seymour opened the historic meeting in April, 1906 in a former African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church building at 312 Azusa Street in downtown Los Angeles. The happenings at Azusa have fascinated church historians for decades and have never been fully understood or explained (Wackman 1994). For three years thereafter, the Azusa Street â€Å"Apostolic Faith Mission† conducted three services a day, seven days a week, where thousands of seekers received the tongues baptism. Word of the revival was spread abroad through The Apostolic Faith, a paper that Seymour sent free of charge to some 50,000 subscribers. From Azusa Street Pentecostalism spread rapidly around the world and began its advance toward becoming a major force in Christendom. The Azusa Street movement seems to have been a merger of white American holiness religion with worship styles derived from the African-American Christian tradition which had developed since the days of chattel slavery in the South. The expressive worship and praise at Azusa Street, which included shouting and dancing, had been common among Appalachian whites as well as Southern blacks. The admixture of tongues and other charisms with black music and worship styles created a new and indigenous form of Pentecostalism that was to prove extremely attractive to disinherited and deprived people, both in America and other nations of the world(MacRoberts 1988). â€Å"Pentecost has come to Los Angeles, the American Jerusalem. Every sect, creed and doctrine under heaven†¦ as well as every nation is represented. †(Frank Bartleman,1906). The Inter racial Aspect The interracial mingling at the congregations was a stark contrast to the existing racial tensions and segregations of the times. The interracial aspects of the movement in Los Angeles were a striking exception to the racism and segregation of the times. The phenomenon of blacks and whites worshipping together under a black pastor seemed incredible to many observers. The event also cemented William Seymour’s place as not only the most influential black leader in American History, but also as a co-founder of world Pentecostalism(Deyoung et al 2003). â€Å"This is the work of God, and cannot be stopped. While our enemies scold, we pray and the fire burns† Household of God, Nov. 1907 Spread of Pentecostal The Azusa Street movement in 1906, led by the African-American preacher William Joseph Seymour provided the much needed impetus for the spread of the Pentecostal faith, which until then had not really captured popular imagination. The first wave of â€Å"Azusa pilgrims† journeyed throughout the United States spreading the Pentecostal fire, primarily in holiness churches, missions, and camp meetings. In America Gaston Barnabas Cashwell of North Carolina, who spoke in tongues in 1906 was one of the Azusa Pilgrims, whose six-month preaching tour of the South in 1907 resulted in major inroads among southern holiness folk. Under his ministry, Cashwell saw several holiness denominations swept into the new movement, including the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), the Pentecostal Holiness Church, the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church, and the Pentecostal Free-Will Baptist Church. Also in 1906, Charles Harrison Mason ,upon his return to Memphis from Azusa Street, spread the Pentecostal fire in the Church of God in Christ. The Church he founded comprised African-Americans only one generation removed from slavery. (The parents of both Seymour and Mason had been born as southern slaves). Although tongues caused a split in the church in 1907, the Church of God in Christ experienced such explosive growth that by 1993, it was by far the largest Pentecostal denomination in North America, claiming some 5,500,000 members in 15,300 local churches. Another Azusa pilgrim was William H. Durham of Chicago. After receiving his tongues experience at Azusa Street in 1907, he returned to Chicago, where he led thousands of mid-western Americans and Canadians into the Pentecostal movement. In 1914, he established the Assemblies of God, which by 1993 had over 2,000,000 members in the U.  S. and some 25,000,000 adherents in 150 nations of the world. Conclusion The Pentecostal Movement has proved to be a major force in Christendom throughout the world with unprecedented exponential growth of adherents. By the Nineties, The Pentecostals and their charismatic brothers and sisters in the mainline Protestant and Catholic churches had turned their energy and resources to world evangelization. The future will reveal the ultimate results of this movement which has greatly impacted the world during the Twentieth Century.